Annotations

(09/10/2023, 13:59:45 )

Not only CLA salience but also CLA sleep modulation & Memory consolidation

“Given the extensive connectivity between the claustrum and the limbic system, we hypothesize that the claustrum not only plays a role in integrating information about valence and sensory information to facilitate attention in the awake state, but that it also participates in modulating aspects of sleep that drive memory consolidation of that learned information” (Smith et al., 2020, p. 1405)

“limbic–sensory-motor interface”

(Smith et al., 2020, p. 1405)

CLA sleep / CLA attention: “It may seem paradoxical that the claustrum is implicated in both attention and sleep.”

(Smith et al., 2020, p. 1404)

Support for Crick & Koch, 2005: wide ranging connectivity

“new information about its anatomical connectivity and physiological properties and begun to reveal aspects of its function. From these studies, one clear consensus has emerged which supports Crick and Koch’s primary interest in the claustrum: the claustrum has widespread extensive connectivity with the entire cerebral cortex, suggesting a prominent role in ‘higher order processes’” (Smith et al., 2020, p. 1401)

CLA attention, CLA salience: integrate limbic & sensory information -> attention

“role in salience processing and attention” (Smith et al., 2020, p. 1401)

“a primary function of the claustrum is to integrate limbic and sensory information to direct and sustain attention towards behaviorally relevant, salient stimuli during the awake state” (Smith et al., 2020, p. 1405)

[[CLA sleep]]

“participate in the modulation of cortical down-states during sleep” (Smith et al., 2020, p. 1401)

CLA sleep and CLA salience have associations with limbic system & integration of information as CLA valence & value

“A possible unifying view is emerging, however: both of these functions have associations with the limbic system, and the claustrum is in a position to integrate limbic-related information, such as valence and value” (Smith et al., 2020, p. 1401)

CLA attention: “hub for associating sensory and limbic information to directly influence attention via frontal cortex and executive function”

“As suggested above, emerging from this will be a hypothesis that the claustrum is a hub for associating sensory and limbic information to directly influence attention via frontal cortex and executive function control systems” (Smith et al., 2020, p. 1401)

CLA salience / CLA attention: “help identify a stimulus’s contextual importance (salience) to properly guide attention”

(Smith et al., 2020, p. 1401)

Feed-forward inhibition as mechanism

“A mechanism by which the claustrum may achieve this is through the activation of cortical interneurons, leading to feed-forward inhibition and the suppression of cortical activity related to irrelevant stimuli” (Smith et al., 2020, p. 1401)

CLA connections: image

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CLA evolution theory as Amygdala as evolutionary source

“The claustrum is adjacent to the amygdala, and the prevailing hypothesis for its origin points to the amygdala as the evolutionary source of the claustrum” (Smith et al., 2020, p. 1402)

CLA connections: description of various connections

“For example, the claustrum appears to receive inputs primarily from regions of frontal cortex, such as the frontal eye fields, but then sends projections back to modality-related cortical regions in both frontal and sensory cortex, such as the frontal eye fields and visual cortex” (Smith et al., 2020, p. 1402)

“Beyond its cortical connections, the claustrum has recently been shown to receive one-way inputs from numerous limbic subcortical structures, including the basolateral amygdala (BLA), hippocampus (CA1), and multiple nuclei of the limbic and intralaminar thalamus (mediodorsal, MD; centromedian, CM; reuniens, Re; parafasicular, Pf)” (Smith et al., 2020, p. 1402)

“the claustrum receives major inputs from limbic, cortical, and subcortical structures and sends outputs to the entire cortical mantle, most notably regions of the frontal cortex that drive executive functions” (Smith et al., 2020, p. 1405)

CLA connections / Salience Network (SN): functional connectivity between Cingulate Cortex and Insula might be confused for Claustrum instead of Insule

“Though the salience network is traditionally identified as strong functional connectivity between the cingulate cortex (controlling attention) and the insula (processing valence), our work has shown that cingulate cortex in rodents is both anatomically and functionally connected specifically to the claustrum, rather than the insula.” (Smith et al., 2020, p. 1402)

CLA attention: (auditory) distractor surppression

“Subsequently presenting an auditory distractor with the visual cue did not attenuate the animal’s success in this task, unless the claustrum was inactivated” (Smith et al., 2020, p. 1403)

CLA excitatory regulation: cla possibly CLA oscillation synchronization activity across sensory and high-order networks

“claustrum neurons could serve to selectively coordinate or synchronize activity across sensory (visual or auditory) and high-order (prefrontal) networks” (Smith et al., 2020, p. 1403)

“Recent findings have indicated a prominent role for Feed-forward inhibition in both cortico-claustral and Claustro-cortical communication.” (Smith et al., 2020, p. 1404)

“suppress cortex via strong feedforward inhibition” (Smith et al., 2020, p. 1404)

[[CLA sleep]]

“brief optogenetic stimulation of the claustrum activates inhibitory interneurons in the cortex, and this effect is particularly prominent during periods of sleep or quiescent wakefulness” (Smith et al., 2020, p. 1404)

CLA sleep: higher activity during Slow-wave sleep, than awake; maybe even coordination of sleep

“Subsequent recordings of neural activity of claustrum neurons showed a greater spike rate during cortical slow wave sleep than during the awake state” (Smith et al., 2020, p. 1404)

“Slow wave sleep has been associated with learning and memory consolidation, particularly via ‘playback’ mechanisms” (Smith et al., 2020, p. 1405)

“a significant role for the claustrum in coordinating slow wave sleep. This role in sleep may underlie learning related to the salience associations made during the awake state” (Smith et al., 2020, p. 1405)

CLA lesion: less Delta waves (EEG) in Cingulate Cortex during CLA sleep

“genetic lesions of the claustrum resulted in substantially diminished delta (slow wave) frequency activity (0.5–4 Hz) in cingulate cortex LFPs during sleep” (Smith et al., 2020, p. 1404)

CLA lesion / CLA sleep: no difference in sleep architecture in mice with lesions -> no global control of sleep states

“However, mice with specific claustrum lesions did not show any fluctuations in sleep architecture, suggesting that the orchestration of global sleep states is not controlled by claustrum.” (Smith et al., 2020, p. 1404)

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Random

“(MRI) studies have shown a smaller claustrum volume and delayed development (among other brain regions) in children with autism.” (Smith et al., 2020, p. 1405)

[[CLA psychadelics]]

“Furthermore, the abundant presence of serotonin and kappa opioid receptors in the claustrum have been proposed to underlie the hallucinatory effects of drugs like LSD and Salvia divinorum.” (Smith et al., 2020, p. 1405)

“changes in the functional connectivity of the claustrum in subjects on psilocybin, another known hallucinogen” (Smith et al., 2020, p. 1405)